Town or country mouse? by John Russell

Once upon a time, there were two mice – cousins. One lived in the town and the other in the country. The town mouse was a very superior mouse, who thought that living in the town was far better than living the country.

Once upon a time, there were two mice - cousins. One lived in the town and the other in the country. The town mouse was a very superior mouse, who thought that living in the town was far better than living the country. So one day, he invited his country cousin to stay with him in his town house and experience the civilized lifestyle of the town. They sat down to a meal, which to the country mouse was a feast. "Goodness me" he said. "If I was in the country, I would be having only simple bread and cheese in the quiet of my peaceful home." Suddenly, there was a loud noise at the door. "Don't worry," said the town mouse, "that's just my neighbour - the dog, he wants to join us for dinner." The country mouse ate a little faster. Another noise was heard outside, even louder this time. "Oh dear" said the town mouse, "the cat who lives facing my house wants to join us too." Quickly eating the last of his meal, the country mouse said, "thank you, but I think I will return to the peace and quiet of my own house after all!" Then he ran back home as fast as his legs could carry him.

This simple tale (taken from Aesop's famous stories) shows that what may be a good place to live for one person, may not be good for another. A modern version of this story might look like this:

Maria lives in a big city surrounded by the speed and convenience of urban life. She works in an office with 1000 other employees, and travels too and from there on a crowded Metro. Her home is a flat overlooking a busy city-street, which is always alive with the sound of traffic and people passing by. After work she meets with friends in a bar or restaurant before going on to a disco or nightclub. Weekends are spent in the shopping mall with its numerous shops, multi-screen cinemas, fast food and entertainment complexes.

Alex, however, lives in a small village in the countryside. He cycles to work down country lanes every morning, the sound of tractors, birds and animals in his ears. In the evening, he relaxes at home in front of the fire with a good book to read. At weekends, he goes for long walks in the fields with his dog.

Unfortunately, life is not as simple as stories make it. A lot of today's ‘town mice' such as Maria would be happy to live in the country. Many modern cities have very large populations (Tokyo or Mexico City - over 25 million) and can be crowded, dirty and dangerous places to live. More than half the world's population now lives in cities. In much of Europe and North America this can be as high as much as 80% of a country's population. (According to the United Nations, approximately 1 billion people in cities are living in slum conditions - overcrowded and unhealthy).

The 18th Century marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the depopulation of the countryside and the move to towns. The towns became places of mass employment in factories and offices. Today, many town dwellers wish to reverse this trend and return to a slower pace of life like Alex, our modern ‘country mouse'. Yet, a modern country existence is not without its problems; poor transport, lack of access to hospitals and education, and services found in towns such as large shops, banks and entertainment.

The debate between town and country is meaningless these days, as so many people live in towns, and very few people are actually able to choose where they live; this is dictated by their work or birth. The internet and other mass media have linked country areas to the world, providing access to information - even to remote areas. If people are to be persuaded to stay in the countryside, other benefits of the city need to be available (employment, healthcare and education). Conversely, the introduction of city parks and forests, and traffic free zones, has helped in bringing a little of the countryside to the city streets.

Vocabulary

5 words/phrases from the text:

surrounded by: having things on every side of you
overlooking: which has a view of
lanes: small narrow roads
slum: very poor area of a city
dwellers: inhabitants

Exercise one.

Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the 5 words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below:

Sometimes the only traffic on country .................... are animals
There are now more city .................than country people on the planet.
I live in a flat ....................... a football stadium, so I don't need to buy a ticket for matches
Many developing cities have .............areas which are populated by people who have recently come from the countryside
An island is a piece of a land completely ............................. water

Exercise two.

Comprehension: word order. Put the words below in order to make correct sentences about the text.

mouse/city/thought/was/the/ life/town/civilised
peace/and/missed/country/mouse/the/quiet
goes/at/shopping/to/mall/the/Maria/weekends
front Alex/the/in/of/reading/enjoys/fire
Internet/in/the/provides/to/remote/people/information/areas

Grammar.

Relative clauses - defining relative clauses

Relative clauses add extra information to a sentence by defining a noun. They are usually divided into two types - defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses.

Defining relative clauses

Look at this sentence:

The woman who lives next door works in a bank.

‘who lives next door' is a defining relative clause. It tells us which woman we are talking about.

Look at some more examples:

Look out! There's the dog that bit my brother.
The film that we saw last week was awful.
This is the skirt I bought in the sales.

Can you identify the defining relative clauses? They tell us which dog, which film and which skirt we are talking about.

Relative pronouns

Relative clauses are often introduced by a relative pronoun (usually who, which, that, but when, where and whose are also possible)

With defining relative clauses we can use who or that to talk about people.

She's the woman who cuts my hair.
She's the woman that cuts my hair.

And we can use that or which to talk about things.

The dog that bit my brother.
The dog which bit my brother.

It is also sometimes possible to omit the relative pronoun.

This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.
This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
This is the skirt I bought in the sales.

In this sentence ‘skirt' is the object of the verb (buy). ‘I' is the subject. When the relative pronoun is the object, it can be omitted.

The film we saw last week was awful.
BUT ~~The dog bit my brother~~. This is not possible because the dog is the subject of the verb, ‘bite'.

Exercise

Choose which relative pronouns are possible. Sometimes more than one pronoun is possible.

The woman [who/that/which/no relative pronoun] called said she'd ring again later.
Have you seen the necklace [who/that/which/no relative pronoun] he gave me? It's beautiful!
That's the man [who/that/whose/no relative pronoun] son is a professional footballer.
Where's the book [that/which/no relative pronoun] Paul lent me?
I looking for a thing [that/which/no relative pronoun] will clean glass.