How to play with words by Keith Sands

This paragraph is not ordinary. Look at it. At first, it won’t look too odd. Just a normal paragraph - you may think. But look at it again and you might find it a bit unusual.

This paragraph is not ordinary. Look at it. At first, it won't look too odd. Just a normal paragraph - you may think. But look at it again and you might find it a bit unusual. Just a tiny bit. What's wrong with it, you may ask? Nothing wrong at all, in fact : as I said, it's just slightly unusual. It's difficult to put it in words. Look again. Is anything not right? Can you spot it? Is anything...missing?

What you've just read is a lipogram - a text written without using a particular letter of the alphabet. It's the hardest kind of lipogram, as it doesn't contain the letter E - the most common letter in the English language. Try writing one yourself, even a few sentences, and you'll see it's pretty difficult. Now imagine the task faced by the French writer Georges Perec, when a friend challenged him to write a whole novel without using E - a letter which is even more common in French than in English.

Perec was a frighteningly clever writer. He was a lover of word games and puzzles, and a master of the Chinese board game Go. He wrote crossword puzzles for Paris magazines. He had already written a 5000 word palindrome - a text that reads the same forwards and back, like the well known "A man, a plan, a canal - Panama." But his friends thought that this task would be beyond him. Indeed, they staked money on it.

Unlocking the imagination
He took up the challenge. He was unable to use more than 70% of the words in the French language. The most common articles and pronouns, most of the French verb endings, and nearly every feminine noun were off-limits. Imagine a French writer not being able to use "une", "le", "je", "elle", "est", "et"! Surely enough to kill any writer's ability to create.

But Perec was not just any writer. He discovered that, on the contrary, this "impossible" rule unlocked his imagination. He later claimed that he wrote his novel faster than any of his other books. He was forced to think. He had to fight for every sentence. He had no choice but to be original.

The result was La Disparition , a surreal detective story about the mysterious disappearance of a character named A.Vowl (Get it?) The only Es were the four in his name on the cover. He placed dozens of clues in the book about the fantastically difficult rule he was working under. (For example, the chapters are numbered 1-26, but there is no chapter five, E being the fifth letter of the alphabet.) Despite the clues, many of the original reviewers failed to spot what was staring them in the faces - the missing letter. Embarassing for the critics, hilarious for the writer and his friends.

Fortunately, the game Perec was playing did not destroy the book itself. It's not just a novel without the letter E, it's a good novel in its own right - very funny, if you know its secret ; and rather disturbing if you don't. Every sentence seems twisted slightly out of shape, and the resulting style is unique. It's like chaos theory, which says that a butterfly's wingbeat in South America might cause a hurricane in China. Remove a tiny thing - a single letter, that you'd hardly notice - and the whole world is changed.

After he finished his novel, Perec decided he needed to use up all the Es he hadn't used in the novel, so he got rid of the As, Is, Os, and Us, - and wrote a short story in which e is the only vowel.

Has anyone matched Perec ? Probably only the British writer Gilbert Adair, who translated La Disparition into English. Again without using a single E. You could argue this is even more difficult than Perec's original task, as Adair had to keep to the original story. Nevertheless, he managed it. Even the title was hard to translate : it couldn't be called The Disappearance! The title of the English version is A Void, a play on words Perec himself would have enjoyed. "Avoid", of course, is what the writer does when he writes a lipogram - avoiding all those nasty words with E in them.

Instant poetry
Perec was given his "impossible" task by a fellow member of OuLiPo.-(Ouvriers des Literatures Potentials, The Workshop of Potential Literature.) This was a group of experimental writers in Paris in the 1960s, whose leading figures were Perec, Raymond Queneau, and the Italian Italo Calvino. The OuLiPo group developed the theory that writing under constraints and rules was a way to achieve true originality. Perec liked the paradox - the more you limit yourself, the freer you have to become.

Perec's book is proof, perhaps, that this experiment works. But probably only if you're brilliant in the first place. However, another of the OuLiPo word games is within everyone's reach. Anyone can write an OuLiPo poem - all you need is a pen, paper and a dictionary.

Take a poem you like, or maybe one you don't like, and underline all the nouns.

Look them up in the dictionary, count seven entries forward from the noun you started with and replace the word in the poem with the word you find. If it's a verb, add -ing. So here are the first lines of Dante's Inferno :

In the middle of the journey of my life

I found myself in a dark wood...

Which becomes :

In the midnight of the joy of my life insurance

I found mythology in a dark woodpile...

You now have an Oulipo poem. It won't make much sense, but it'll probably have some surprising phrases in it you wouldn't otherwise have thought of. If you don't like it, change the adjectives as well. Then the verbs. It's cheating, but it's truly democratic. Anyone can be a poet - sort of. And it's a lot easier than lipograms.

Vocabulary

5 words/phrases from the text:

1. odd: peculiar or strange
2. to challenge: to invite somebody to engage in a contest
3. to stake: to risk something (such as money) on the result of a game.
4. critic: a person who evaluates creative work
5. paradox: a statement that seems self-contradictory

Exercise one.

Vocabulary gap fill. Now use the 5 words/phrases to fill the gaps in the sentences below:

Most of the reviews were good but one ............ said that his book was complicated and difficult to read.
He decided to ................ his brother to a game of chess.
He wanted to ............ all of his money on the game because he was sure he could win.
She couldn't live with him but she couldn't live without him either; the situation was a .....................
The main character of the film was an ........ little boy who was able to fly but unable to talk.

Exercise two.

Comprehension. Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE according to the text:

Perec's friends knew he could write a novel without using E.
Perec could only use less than half the words in the French language.
Perec found the experience made him more creative.
The critics were told in advance about Perec's "difficult rule".
If you don't notice the missing Es, the novel does not seem strange.

Grammar.

Modals (1)

Permission, Prohibition, Obligation, No obligation

To express permission, prohibition, obligation and no obligation we usually use modal verbs.

Permission

Can is often used to ask for and give permission.

Can I sit here?
You can use my car if you like.
Can I make a suggestion?

We can also use may and could to ask for and give permission but can is used more often.

Prohibition

Both can't and mustn't are used to show that something is prohibited - it is not allowed.

You can't park here, sir.
You can wear jeans but you can't wear trainers in that bar.
You mustn't speak when the teacher is speaking.

Can't tells us that something is against the rules. Mustn't is usually used when the obligation comes from the person who is speaking.

Obligation

Have to and must are both used to express obligation. There is a slight difference between the way they are used.

Do you have to wear a uniform at your school?
John can't come because he has to work tomorrow.
In Britain you have to buy a TV licence every year.

Have to shows us that the obligation comes from somebody else. It's a law or a rule and the speaker can't change it.

I must call my dad tonight.
You must hand in your homework on Tuesday or your mark will be zero.
You must come and visit us the next time you come to London.

Must shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker. It isn't a law or a rule.

No obligation

We use don't have to to show that there is no obligation. You can do something if you want to but it's not compulsory.

You don't have to wear a tie in our office. You can wear a tie if you want to but it's OK if you don't.
It'll be nice if you do but you don't have to come with me if you don't want to.
You don't have to dress up for the party. Wear whatever you feel comfortable in.

Exercise

Complete the sentences with an appropriate modal verb.

1 You [1] be 17 to get a driving licence in the UK.
2 You [2] hit your sister again! Do you understand?
3 [3] I borrow your black dress tonight, please?
4 You [4] memorize it - but try to remember the key points.
5 This is the non- smoking section. You [5] smoke here.